This article aims to present Foucault’s “first” reading of Nietzsche in the course “The Anthropological Question.” To this end, three central points are explored: first, a general overview of Nietzsche’s presence in the various stages of Foucault’s work is presented; second, the history of Nietzsche’s reception in France and Foucault’s own biographical and intellectual context within which this early reading takes place are discussed; finally, the hypotheses and arguments that Foucault develops regarding Nietzsche’s thought in the third part of the course are presented in general terms.